The lesson, I believe, is that the Palsgraf principle is unsound: One need not act wrongfully toward another — need not mistreat her, as opposed to other people — to incur a liability in morality or law to compensate her for the injuries one has inflicted on her. If that lesson is correct, however, what should we make of the black-letter proposition, which is embraced by most common law jurisdictions, that the duty of care in negligence is owed only to foreseeable victims, such that only foreseeable victims can in ordinary cases recover?144 In my view, this black-letter rule does not reflect any principled commitment to the significance of relational wrongdoing in grounding negligence liability (a commitment that would sit in stark tension with the underlying moral commitments of transferred-intent doctrine). There is, rather, a more complex moral principle operating beneath the surface of both doctrinal areas — a principle that explains why unforeseeable transferred intent victims can recover, and why unforeseeable victims of mere negligence (as in Palsgraf) typically cannot.
October 13-15, 2026
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市场情绪的急剧变化源于 Claude Code 自动梳理 COBOL 代码依赖、生成文档并识别风险的能力。该能力显著压缩现代化项目的时间成本，动摇了 IBM 长期依赖的主机及咨询业务的护城河。。关于这个话题，谷歌提供了深入分析
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